Different from an LED, which requires a driver that limits current, your fan has to be driven by a power source that limits voltage, where here a maximum of 12 VDC are allowed. Connecting the fan directly with a PSU putting out much more than that will nuke it, which you obviously experienced.
I see two strategies:
The easiest way would be to chain four (48 V / 4 = 12 V) or five (48 V / 5 = 9.6 V) 12 V fans (plus to minus ...), connect both ends of that chain with your 48 V PSU and then measure the voltage drop on each of the fans to get sure that there's no relevant upwards deviation from the 12 V limit.
Or you obtain a DC-DC step-down (buck) converter like that
eBay offer to get 12 V from your 48 V PSU and connect each of your up to maybe six 90 mA fans individually with that 700 mA converter. You may also have a look at
this module. Of course a separate 12 V wall wart of an adequate amperage should also do the trick.