I have a DIY waterfall style ATS and absolutely love it. I was also carbon dosing with vinegar until my ATS became efficient. I feed relatively heavily and my Nitrates stay around 2.5-5ppm and phosphates are undetectable, sailfert test for both. IMO ATS is one of the greatest things that have happened in the last few years, and the theory behind it makes perfect sense. One thing that initially helped turn my ATS into being very efficient was lighting. I bought 2 -45w LED hydroponic LED from Amazon initially, which were good but not great. I wish from the beginning I had invested in a nigher hydroponic light. I stopped carbon dosing after I upgraded my lights. I probably have around 'advertised' 400w through my ATS and refugium and the growth is incredible. Always remember with a refugium and ATS you are competing with your DT. If you setup correct lighting at the correct spectrum for the correct photo period, then your system will run itself. Pods will be in the millions, and your system will be very stable. Also algae is capable of absorbing impurities from the water, like certain metals.