My opinion on HLLE;
Generally speaking, it's a nutritional deficiency. Tangs are vegetarians. They need their greens. Lots of them. Pretty much every day. I believe that most cases of HLLE are due to a shortage of greens in their diet. Even with plenty of greens in their diet, it's still possible for the fish to show signs of HLLE though. Other factors, like stress, can effect an animals nutritional requirements. Unfortunately, many factors can lead to stress. Poor water quality, aggressive tank mates, parasites, cramped living quarters.........
Carbon, if used correctly, should not be an issue. Tangs graze the rocks. If there is carbon dust on the rocks, the fish will be ingesting carbon. Doctors often give, poison and over dose victims, carbon to ingest. The goal is for the carbon to absorb the toxin reducing the amount entering the blood stream. When a healthy animals ingests carbon, the carbon will be absorbing valuable nutrition, robbing it from the animal, and potentially leading to nutritional deficiencies. For this reason, carbon should always be rinsed very very well before being used in our systems. In my personal systems, after rinsing, I run carbon in reactors and direct the discharge to a 100 micron filter sock.
Again. This is just my opinion
Peace
EC