It's true there will be some variation between tanks, but the feeds don't need to be grown out in the same conditions as they are different feeds (though the aim would likely be to give them all roughly the same conditions) and the stars will all be kept in the same tank, so any variation that effects one should effect the rest in the same way. Again, the study won't be perfect, but it should be good enough. Variation between this tank and any replication study tank(s) is a valid concern, though, if live rock is used in the starfish holding tank, as that could influence pretty heavily certain microbiome conditions of the tank. However, if they were to use dry rock and bottle-bac for the starfish holding tank it would minimize potential differences between livinlifeinBKK's tank and any future tanks attempting the experiment, as they would, in theory, start with the same bacteria and other microbes (for the most part) in the tank.
Other than that, from my understanding, the statement that stars (or other creatures) need established tanks comes from a few different things, namely:
1 ) They need very/relatively stable parameters - by the time a tank is "established" the aquarist running it should have a good enough handle on the running of the tank to keep things stable. If the aquarist is expert enough, this can be skipped altogether as long as the tank is cycled (Brandon429 has some great threads/posts on great threads about insta-cycling tanks - one of the most impressive [and most pertinent to the conversation at hand] I've seen glancing through is a tank started using Bio-Spira and dry rock where fish, coral,
and an anemone - usually only recommended for established tanks running for at least 6 months - were added literally the same day as the bottle-bac and have been running without issue since*).
2 ) They need sufficient spread of microbes (biofilm) or other microfauna in the aquarium, and this takes time to spread sufficiently to feed the stars for a reasonable length of time. This is connected to why stars are not recommended in smaller tanks - they have less room for biofilm growth, and thus have less available food for the stars to graze on. For other species, this time may be needed for pod populations to establish.
3 ) (This one will probably be considered controversial, that's not my goal here, so I apologize if it comes across as such) The waiting period enforced while an aquarist is holding off for a tank to become established is - to my knowledge and partially based off the success of tanks such as the one discussed above - largely a suggestion to help newer aquarists wait and get a handle on how to manage a tank effectively before trying some of the more delicate species in the hobby. Essentially, when they wait 6-12 months (or however long) before adding a specimen to their tank, they use that time to practice, and they learn how to care for the tank and control the water quality in it more proficiently. By the time that period has ended, most new aquarists will likely have picked up enough skill in reef-keeping to be able to keep at least some of the more delicate species that have these recommended establishment times.
*The thread referenced above:
I just started a new tank a little over a week ago. I started with all dry rock and new sand. I added a bottle of Bio-Spira and put fish and coral the same day. Never saw any ammonia and fish and coral seem healthy.
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