at first glance they look like the egg sacks of snails. Do you ever see anything like this on your glass? They also could be tunicates. It would be really helpful if you could shine a brighter light directly on the growth in question or describe its tissue, color, and opacity.
sounds like a type of bubble algae. If you pop one is there slime inside? I wouldn't worry about them at the moment. can you remove one from the rock and photograph it outside the aquarium?
If it is bubble algae then you can just get a few emerald crabs and they will eat it. There are lots of scavengers out there that love bubble algaes!
hmm, could be a type of colonial tunicate, still need a better pic :/ I know how hard it is to get pictures of some things but that seems to be the easiest way to ID stuff on the net.
I've seen these before but not sure what they are. I believe they are a type of inveterate that cleans the rocks but not sure. They are probably harmless.