This is the most common issue I see with wiring the DS18B20 to the Raspberry Pi - Using 5V for the pullup, but then connecting to an RPi Pin which is very much not 5V tolerant.
You can power the sensor at 5V, but the pull-up needs to be to 3.3V - the 1-wire bus is Open Collector and can only pull down the pin (it shouldn't ever get to 5V from this split power arrangement). There is usually no advantage to doing this though, except for the fact that many of the DS18B20 clones just don't work like the real Maxim part, so anything can happen.
Technically, the power pin is not at all required as 1-wire has a parasitic power mode, but this is very clearly documented as just not working on many of the clone chips you find in the cheap probe cables.