Carbonate hardness is neither really, but is most similar to alkalinity. Alkalinity is a measurement of the ability of a water sample to resist pH changes due to the ions present in it. Because the ions in greatest abundance in our tanks (and most natural waters) are products of dissolving calcium and magnesium carbonates/bicarbonates, alkalinity and carbonate hardness can be thought of as essentially the same. On the other hand, pH is a type measurement of the amount of hydrogen ions in a sample (-log [H+].)