This is unfortunately what likely caused your losses... When left undisturbed, anaerobic bacteria can build up in your sand. These bacteria produce, among other substances, hydrogen sulfide gas. This is unfortunately a highly toxic gas, and can definitely kill your fish in this way.
In the future, it's best to only clean sections of the sand bed at a time, unless you habitually clean all of it.
This is the same reason that, when transferring tanks, you really should replace the sand bed (or rinse the heck out of it).
Very sorry for your losses.