This was some of the noteworthy things I found. They define a larger interaction.
Though you're somewhat correct, remember we're dealing with circumstances that have yet to be fully discovered. But the main part of it all? Methanol. (and algae/detritus consuming organisms that rely on methanol)
So please, I said it before, stop saying nopox is the same as vodka and vinegar. And your 'definitive' analysis couple years back, was not. The resolution was not at maximum, so it's like looking at something under a microscope and calling a 2000x magnification analysis "good enough" to determine 100% content analysis.
Oh, and as far as which is "stronger", bacteria or fungus, there's multiple areas of medical science reconsidering fungus being a bigger 'problem' than bacteria. Purely because of their survival rates and toughness compared to bacteria. Just a thought.
Eukaryotic methylotrophs, which are able to obtain all the carbon and energy needed for growth from methanol, are restricted to a limited number of yeast species. When these yeasts are grown on methanol as the sole carbon and energy source, the enzymes involved in methanol metabolism are strongly induced, and the membrane-bound organelles, peroxisomes, which contain key enzymes of methanol metabolism, proliferate massively. These features have made methylotrophic yeasts attractive hosts for the production of heterologous proteins and useful model organisms for the study of peroxisome biogenesis and degradation. In this paper, we describe recent insights into the molecular basis of yeast methylotrophy.
Prokaryotic methylotrophs can utilize a variety of C1-compounds (e.g., methane, methanol, methylamine), while eukaryotic methylotrophs can only use methanol as a carbon source, and methylamine not as a carbon source but as a nitrogen source. The latter group of organisms is limited to a number of yeast genera including Candida, Pichia, and some genera that were recently separated from Pichia, that is, Ogataea, Kuraishia, and Komagataella [
5].
Since the first isolation in 1969 [
6], methylotrophic yeasts have been studied intensively in terms of both physiological activities and potential applications. In the early 1970s, production of single cell protein (SCP) using methanol as a carbon source was studied intensively [
7,
8]. These studies established a high-cell-density cultivation method although large-scale production of SCP from methanol was eventually found not to be economically feasible. The metabolic pathways involved in methanol assimilation and dissimilation and characterization of the enzymes have been described in Hansenula polymorpha (Pichia angusta) and Candida boidinii [
9–
12]. One major finding was the strong inducibility of these enzymes by methanol. A variety of genes encoding enzymes and proteins involved in methanol metabolism have since been cloned, and the regulation of methanol-inducible gene expression has been studied [
13,
14]. Methylotrophic yeasts also have been used as model organisms for peroxisome biogenesis and degradation, because methylotrophic growth in yeasts is accompanied by the massive proliferation of peroxisomes, membrane-bound organelles that contain several methanol-metabolizing enzymes [
15–
17].
Methanol is oxidized to CO2 by methylotrophic bacteria and yeasts. Thus, methylotrophs play indispensable roles in the global carbon cycle between methane and CO2 called “the methane cycle.” A thorough understanding of the molecular basis of methylotrophy is needed not only to better understand the global methane cycle but also to permit more efficient use of methanol as a renewable carbon source.
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijmicro/2011/101298/
Yeasts are ubiquitous in their distribution and populations mainly depend on the type and concentration of organic materials. The distribution of species, as well as their numbers and metabolic characteristics were found to be governed by existing environmental conditions. Marine yeasts were first discovered from the Atlantic Ocean and following this discovery, yeasts were isolated from different sources, viz. seawater, marine deposits, seaweeds, fish, marine mammals and sea birds. Nearshore environments are usually inhabited by tens to thousands of cells per litre of water, whereas low organic surface to deep-sea oceanic regions contain 10 or fewer cells/litre. Aerobic forms are found more in clean waters and fermentative forms in polluted waters. Yeasts are more abundant in silty muds than in sandy sediments. The isolation frequency of yeasts fell as the depth of the sampling site is increased. Major genera isolated in this study were Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces and Rhodotorula. For biomass estimation ergosterol method was used. Classification and identification of yeastswere performed using different criteria, i.e. morphology,sexual reproduction and physiological/biochemical characteristics. Fatty acid profiling or molecular sequencing of the IGS and ITS regions and 28S gene rDNA ensured accurate identification
Studies on the distribution of yeasts world-wide are presented in Figure 1. A truly marine yeast must be able to grow on or in a marine substrate. Direct examination of living marine invertebrates, however, has demonstrated the presence of parasitic and pathogenic yeasts [54,126,131] and, if such species have grown in situ in the animal and its native habitat, they could rightly be called indigenous marine species. So far, no physiological clues have been found to explain why marine-occurring yeasts are able to live in this special habitat. Salinity tolerance does not distinguish marine species from terrestrial species because almost all yeasts can grow in sodium chloride concentrations exceeding those normally present in the sea. Certain distinctive metabolic attributes of yeasts are associated with environmental distribution. Yeasts found in aquatic environments are generally asporogenous and oxidative or weakly fermentative. [119] Marine yeasts are reported to be truly versatile agents of biodegradation. [36,71] They participate in a range of ecologically significant processes in the sea, especially in estuarine and near-shore environments. Among such activities, decomposition of plant substrates, nutrient-recycling, biodegradation of oil/recalcitrant compounds and parasitism of marine animals are important. Biomass data and repeated observations of microhabitat colonization by various marine-occurring yeasts support ancillary laboratory evidence for the contribution of this segment of the marine mycota to productivity and transformation activities in the sea. [93]
Kriss and Rukina [73] also found plankton blooms in the Black sea and the Pacific Ocean to be locations of greatest density of yeast populations in the sea.
Yeast populations have been observed to decrease with increased distance from land [5] and certain yeast species frequently collected from seawater were obtained in the highest quantities from the vicinity of heavily polluted areas. [45] However, such facts could also indicate that the collected yeasts were merely contaminants from terrestrial sources, surviving passively in the sea. These incidents and the related arguments may very well question the statement that there are truly indigenous marine yeasts. Near-shore environments are usually inhabited by tens to thousands of cells/litre of water, whereas low organic surface to deep-sea oceanic regions contain 10 or fewer cells/litre, although local nutrient areas may foster concentrations of yeast cells that reach 3000–4000 cells/litre. Kriss and Novozhilova [77] reported that budding yeasts were observed by direct microscopic examination of water samples down to depths of 2000 m. This fact would be evidence for growth of yeasts in seawater; however, the collection technique with Nansen bottles used by Kriss and co-workers was questioned later, when such containers were found to be easily contaminated. [134] In a survey of marineoccurring yeasts, Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer [72] have compiled a list of 177 species that were isolated from water, sediment, algae, animals and other organic matter in the marine habitat. Of those, only 26 species were regarded as obligate marine forms. The most important genera of true marine yeasts are Metchnikowia, Kluyveromyces, Rhodosporidium, Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula and Torulopsis. From these studies it was found that marine yeasts do not belong to a specific genus or group, but that they are distributed among a wide variety of well-known genera, such as Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Pichia, Hansenula, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Trichosporon and Torulopsis. The isolation frequency of yeasts falls with depth. Yeasts in the class Ascomycetes (e.g. Candida, Debaryomyces, Kluyveromyces, Pichia and Saccharomyces) are common in shallow waters, whilst yeasts belonging to the Basidiomycetes (Cryptococcus, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces) are common in deep waters, e.g. Rhodotorula has been isolated from a depth of 11000 m. [99]
Yamasato et al. [156] conducted an ecological survey of yeasts from the Pacific Ocean and yeasts were isolated from the surface to a depth of 4000 m and were found belonging to the genera Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces and Candida. Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula species were predominant among yeasts isolated from deep-sea waters from Loma Trough, off San Diego, CA, USA. In samples collected off La Jolla, CA, USA, total yeast count varied in the range 0–1920 viable cells/l. [146] Fell and Castelo-Branco (146) reported observations on the distribution, ecology and taxonomy of yeasts isolated from the subtropical Atlantic near Miami, FL, USA and the warm temperature Pacific adjacent to La Jolla, CA, USA. From the open ocean waters of the Gulf Stream near Bimini, Bahamas, genera such as Candida, Rhodotorula, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces and black yeasts were isolated. The distribution of species as well as their numbers and metabolic characteristics were found to be governed by existing environmental conditions.
http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/purl/2035/Marine%20yeasts-a%20rewiew.pdf
Affecting algae?
- Boidinii can grow on pectin and this ability depends on methylotrophy
Golden-brown algae (Chrysophyta). The Chrysophyta, or golden-brown algae and diatoms, are named for the yellow pigments they possess. These single-celled algae live both in freshwater and salt water. Their cell walls have no cellulose but are composed mostly of pectin
From <
http://www.scienceclarified.com/A-Al/Algae.html>
Sulfate-limiting anaerobic conditions
Methanogenic archaea have an unusual type of metabolism because they use H2 + CO2, formate, methylated C1 compounds, or acetate as energy and carbon sources for growth. The methanogens produce methane as the major end product of their metabolism in a unique energy-generating process. The organisms received much attention because they catalyze the terminal step in the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter under sulfate-limiting conditions and are essential for both the recycling of carbon compounds and the maintenance of the global carbon flux on Earth.
Other energy-transducing enzymes involved in methanogenesis are the membrane-integral methyltransferase and the formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase complex.
Furthermore, the review addresses questions related to the biochemical and genetic characteristics of the energy-transducing enzymes and to the mechanisms of ion translocation.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12102556
