The
lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist
Gaston Planté and is the oldest type of
rechargeable battery. Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy-to-volume ratio, its ability to supply high
surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large
power-to-weight ratio. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by
automobile starter motors.
As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead–acid batteries are widely used even when surge current is not important and other designs could provide higher
energy densities. Large-format lead–acid designs are widely used for storage in backup power supplies in
cell phone towers, high-availability settings like hospitals, and
stand-alone power systems. For these roles, modified versions of the standard cell may be used to improve storage times and reduce maintenance requirements.
Gel-cells and
absorbed glass-mat batteries are common in these roles, collectively known as
VRLA (valve-regulated lead–acid) batteries.