Re adding a second membrane to reduce waste water, first- remember that what folks call "waste water" really would be betterthought of as "flush water" in that this water serves the importantpurpose of internally flushing the surface of the semipermeable membrane tokeep the membrane from fouling/scaling.
Whenyou configure a system with two membranes in series (the waste from the firstmembrane going to the "in" port on the second membrane), for thisdiscussion let's say it's two 75 gpd membranes, the system behaves like youhave a single long (75 gpd x 2) 150 gpd membrane.
Now- if you use a proper flow restrictor, that is, one for a 150 gpd membrane,you'll have about a 4:1 waste to product ratio. Sounds familiar, right?
Ifhowever you don't change the flow restrictor - meaning you keep using thesame restrictor you were using when you just had one 75 gpd membrane, thenyou'll see a waste to product ratio much lower than 4:1. But remember that the recommendation for a~4:1 ratio comes from the membrane manufacturer. They are telling you that youneed about a 4:1 ratio to keep the membrane flushed and keep the membrane fromfouling or building up scale. Run the system with a lower ratio and you willfoul/scale the membrane(s) quicker than would have otherwise been the case.
Insteadof adding a second membrane to lower that ratio, you could have just changedout your flow restrictor ($4) instead. Thisis a much less expensive approach to get you to the same endpoint in terms ofsaving on waste water.
Now,to confuse things just a bit. Filmtec specs call for the 4 to 1 ratio on thebasis of assumptions about the water that will be supplied to the membrane. Ifyou have very soft water you MAY be able to get a decent service life from themembrane running at a ratio lower than 4 to 1 (e.g., 3 to 1). Remember that the waste water from the firstmembrane is about 25% harder than your tap water.
Bottomline: If what you are after is reduced waste water, experiment with a differentflow restrictor for $4 instead of messing around with a second membrane plumbedin series.
Asa side note, you can also lower the ratio by increasing the pressure deliveredto the membrane (with a booster pump), because flow restrictors are sizedassuming you are providing factory spec conditions (50 psi and 77 degrees forFilmtec membranes). Increase the pressure and you'll drive more water throughthe membrane and viola - less waste water. But as I mentioned above, if you do this (justlike over-restricting a membrane) - the lower the waste to product ratio, theshorter the lifespan on the membrane.
Makessense?
Russ